PANTHEON
The
original Pantheon, rectangular, smaller and corresponding to the site of the
porch was built in the years 27/25 BC at the behest of MARCUS VIPSANIUS AGRIPPA,
Augustus' son-in-law
It was
restored after the fire of the year 80 AD by Domitian (81/96) and again by
Trajan (98/117)
According
to ancient Roman tradition it was the Palus Caprae, the place where the
apotheosis of Romulus happened, that is, his ascent to heaven carried by an
eagle
The name
comes from the Greek and it means all the gods, indicating the kind of
worship that used to be carried out here
It was
completely rebuilt in the years 118/125 by Hadrian (117/138), who perhaps was
directly involved in the architectural design and revisited the original
inscription confusing the dating for archeologists until the excavations in
1892
On that
year the French architect Georges Chedanne found out that all the bricks,
including the ones in the basement, have marks pinpointing the dating between
120 and 125 AD
The works
were completed in the period of Antoninus Pius (138/161)
In 202
Septimius Severus (193/211) and his son Caracalla carried out restorations
mentioned in the small relief of the pediment under the main one
Many
scholars since the fifteenth century consider the Pantheon as the starting
point and the most important work of all western architecture
“Notwithstanding
the interpretation of the building as a sort of covered Forum where Adriano was
holding court, the sacredness of the Pantheon seems unquestionable if the great
oculus at the top of the vault has the function, typical of a templum, to
maintain the relationship between heaven and earth. The interpretation of the
building as a kind of microcosm on earth, in whose conception the Chaldean
astrologer Dionysius of Miletus would have had part alongside Hadrian, has as
its corollary the repeated and even authoritative modern attempts to interpret
individual elements of the structure in an astral way: 7 exedras = 7 planets,
28 pilasters = 28 days of the lunar phases; 5 rows in the coffered vault = 5
planets except the sun and moon and so on” (Francesca de Caprariis and Fausto
Zevi)
'The
Pantheon is primarily a dynastic shrine with a cosmic vocation. Dio Cassius
says that Adrian loved to administrate justice in it, so that it also had the
palatial function of a Royal Hall. It is the largest covered space without intermediate
supports that have been implemented before the invention of reinforced concrete”
(Andrea Carandini)
Among the STATUES
OF GODS there was the famous “Diana of Nemi” with a crown adorned with
twenty-topaz, eighty other precious stones, a tiara, nine earrings, eight
necklaces, and bracelets with beryl and other gems of which there is a written
catalog
The statues
in here would have been of course painted with bright colors, just like most of the
statues in antiquity originally were
The
Pantheon after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
In 608 it
was given by the Emperor Phocas to Pope Boniface IV (608/615) and in 609 it was
dedicated to the Virgin Mary and all the martyrs as S. Maria ad Martyres (St.
Mary near the Martyrs)
It is said
that on this occasion Pope Boniface IV brought from the catacombs twenty-eight
wagons full of bones of martyrs that were buried in the altar area
The emperor
of the Byzantium, Constantius II (641/668), in 663 stripped it of the gilded
bronze covering of the roof which was redone in lead at the behest of Gregory
III (731/741) in 735
It ended up
becoming a palace with additional buildings around it and it was even used as a
papal residence by Anastasius IV (1153/54)
In 1625
Pope Urban VIII Barberini (1623/44) took the bronze coating the beams of the porch (about 200 long tons - about 220
short tons) to make 80 cannons for Castel Sant'Angelo and the columns of the
canopy of S. Peter's Basilica
He also had
the column on the left corner replaced and had Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598/1680)
build in 1626/27 two bell-towers known as “donkey ears” who were destroyed in
1882
The removal
of the bronze by Urban VIII resulted in the famous lampoon written on the “talking
statue” Pasquino: “In Rome, what the barbarians didn't do, the Barberini did”
Alexander
VII Chigi (1655/67) replaced other two columns on the left side and had the
level of the square lowered. It is the lowest point of Rome, 13.40 m (44 feet)
above sea level
Clement IX
Rospigliosi (1667/69) in 1668 surrounded the porch with a fence to keep out the
market that took place on the square
Pius VII
Chiaramonti (1800/23) began restorations and Pius IX Mastai-Ferretti (1846/78)
continued the job renewing part of the interior floor
In 1870 it
became the sanctuary of the kings of Italy
In the
years 1881/83 it was restored by removing the fence, isolating the sides,
digging around it and demolishing the two bell-towers
In 1906 the
square was paved with wood from Argentina trees donated by the Italian
emigrants “to surround with religious silence the venerated tombs of the first
kings of Italy” Naturally, the wooden floor did not last long
The
Pantheon was for centuries the scene of actual staged events in the days of
religious celebration of the Assumption of Mary and the Ascension of Christ:
statues of Mary and Christ were raised to the sky through the large hole in the
dome, creating an evocative dramatic effect
During the
celebration of Pentecost, an impressive ceremony is still celebrated nowadays
during which rose petals are thrown inside through the hole of the dome with
the symbolic meaning of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the faithful
At the
beginning of the seventeenth century a butcher shop run by a couple used to
sell very successfully sausages of incredible and peculiar quality in Piazza
della Rotonda
Investigators
of Urban VIII discovered that the incredible and peculiar quality was due to
the fact that the sausages were made of human flesh: the couple used to draw
the victims in the basement of their shop and there they would kill them and
turn into sausages. They were sentenced to death and executed in 1638
